河套灌区参考作物蒸发蒸腾量估算方法研究

参考作物蒸发蒸腾量（ET₀）是计算作物需水量的基础,一般用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式（PM公式）计算。但是在河套灌区部分地区缺少辐射数据的观测,因而无法利用PM公式计算ET₀。本文选用河套灌区临河气象站1990—2012年的气象资料,分析了利用PM公式计算参考作物蒸发蒸腾量ET₀与气象要素的关系,发现对ET₀影响最大的气象因素为净辐射,其次为饱和水气压差和平均温度。建立了基于饱和水气压差、温度和风速的ET₀估算公式,验证结算显示相关系数、纳什效率系数和总量平衡系数分别为0.96、0.92、1.00。在风速缺测的条件下,也建立了基于饱和水汽压差和温度的ET₀估算公式。以上两个公式为河套灌区缺资料条件下ET₀的估算提供了简单且准确的估算方法。     

高校资料室建设探索

新时期高校资料室应顺应时代的发展.加强资源建设,改变以往的服务模式,拓宽服务范围,为读者提供全方位的服务.提高资料人员素质和加强专业队伍建设,突出专业特点和加强资料室的特色化建设,确保图书资料室走可持续发展之路.     

参考作物蒸散量对气象要素的敏感性分析

为了研究参考作物蒸散量(ET_0)对气象要素的敏感性,利用新乡地区1951―2003年逐日气象资料,由Penman-Manteith公式计算参考作物蒸散量,采用敏感曲线和敏感系数方法分析了参考作物蒸散量对气象要素的敏感性。结果表明,温度、风速和日照时间3种气象要素与ET_0正相关,相对湿度与ET_0负相关。1―12月,相对湿度和风速的敏感系数表现为"先减小后增大"趋势,而日照时间和温度敏感系数表现为"先增大后减小"趋势。在全年中,ET_0对气象要素的敏感程度表现为相对湿度风速日照时间温度;第一、四季度各气象要素在季尺度中的敏感性均为相对湿度风速日照时间温度,第二季度表现为相对湿度日照时间风速温度,第三季度表现为相对湿度日照时间温度风速;冬小麦生育期典型时段内各气象要素敏感性在1、3、10月份均表现为相对湿度风速日照时间温度,5月则表现为相对湿度日照时间风速温度。     

个人文献管理软件在科研工作中的应用

介绍了NoteExpress文献管理软件在个人科研工作分项管理方面的强大功能,以期广大科研工作者能够灵活运用NoteExpress管理个人的电子文献,提高文献管理和利用的效率,并能将更多的精力投入到研究课题中去。这对科研工作者提高科研和论文工作效率有着非常重要的实用意义。     

院校专业资料室与图书馆建设在大学生专业培养中的作用

提出高等学校图书资料建设应该走专业资料室和公共图书馆共同发展的思路。多元化发展可以充分调动一切力量,突出各自特色,在图书馆普遍营造学术氛围的前提下,资料室更加彰显专业的魅力,可以引导学生逐步形成专业爱好,慎思笃行,从而培养高素质的专门人才。     

Determination of growth-stage-specific crop coefficients (Kc) of cotton and wheat

Development of crop coefficient (Kc), the ratio of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) to reference evapotranspiration (ETo), can enhance ETc estimates in relation to specific crop phenological development. This research was conducted to determine growth-stage-specific Kc and crop water use for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Texas AgriLife Research field at Uvalde, TX, USA from 2005 to 2008. Weighing lysimeters were used to measure crop water use and local weather data were used to determine the reference evapotranspiration (ETo). Seven lysimeters, weighing about 14 Mg, consisted of undisturbed 1.5 m × 2.0 m × 2.2 m deep soil monoliths. Six lysimeters were located in the center of a 1-ha field beneath a linear-move sprinkler system equipped with low energy precision application (LEPA) and a seventh lysimeter was established to measure reference grass ETo. Crop water requirements, Kc determination, and comparison to existing FAO Kc values were determined over a 2-year period on cotton and a 3-year period on wheat. Seasonal total amounts of crop water use ranged from 689 to 830 mm for cotton and from 483 to 505 mm for wheat. The Kc values determined over the growing seasons varied from 0.2 to 1.5 for cotton and 0.1 to 1.7 for wheat. Some of the values corresponded and some did not correspond to those from FAO-56 and from the Texas High Plains and elsewhere in other states. We assume that the development of regionally based and growth-stage-specific Kc helps in irrigation management and provides precise water applications for this region.     

参考蒸发蒸腾仪的研制及其应用研

根据植物的蒸腾机理与土壤的蒸发机制，利用生物膜技术，研制了参考蒸发蒸腾仪。该仪器可很好地模拟土壤蒸发与植物蒸腾的自然物理过程。从理论上对仪器直接测定法与Penman-Monteith法、蒸发皿法进行了对比分析。在应用试验上，利用蒸渗仪值对三种方法进行了校核，结果表明：仪器直接测定法的精度稍差于Penman-Monteith法，但较蒸发皿法有很大提高。仪器使用方便、维护简单、价格低廉，易为我国普遍存在的经济与文化水平不高的农民用户所接受，将有良好的商品化开发及广阔的市场应用前景。     

新时代建筑的借鉴与创新

建筑要有思想及灵魂，要有时代的特征及印记，借鉴、消化和创新，才是建筑师发展的方向和途径。     

气象要素时间分辨率对参考作物蒸散估算的影响

参考作物蒸散(reference evapotranspiration,ET0)的准确估算是农业水资源合理利用的重要环节。为了明确气象要素不同时间分辨率对参考作物蒸散估算的影响,该文基于寿县国家气候观象台2007-2013年观测资料,将1min时间分辨率数据平均值作为真实值,分析了10、20、30、40、60 min、4次/d(02:00、08:00、14:00、20:00)和3次/d(08:00、14:00、20:00)这7种不同时间分辨率对逐日气温、风速、太阳辐射、相对湿度和日、月及年参考作物蒸散(ET0)估算的误差情况。结果表明:ET0和气象要素的误差整体上随时间分辨率降低而增大。4个气象因子中,日平均风速估算受时间分辨率变化的影响最显著,误差最大;其次是太阳辐射。逐日ET0估算在7种时间分辨率的平均绝对相对误差(mean absolute relative error,MAPE)依次为0.53%、1.01%、1.38%、1.72%、2.46%、4.72%和6.14%,表明10至60min时间分辨率的估算效果相较3次/d和4次/d有明显改善。10至40 min的绝对误差超过95%都在-0.20~0.20 mm/d区间内,误差较小且集中度高;太阳辐射时间分辨率变化对ET0估算误差贡献最大,其次是风速,这主要是由于两个要素本身对分辨率较敏感且分别是ET0辐射项和动力项的主要组成因子。时间分辨率的变化对累计后长时间尺度ET0的影响较小,月和年ET0的误差明显小于逐日ET0,月ET0在7种时间分辨率的MAPE值依次为0.13%、0.21%、0.27%、0.40%、0.50%、1.18%和1.48%;各年ET0相对误差(relative error,PE)的绝对值多数均小于0.50%。     

Multi-element analysis of soils and sediments by wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Soil and sediment reference materials were used to calibrate and evaluate an analytical method for the determination of major (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Mn, P, Ti) and trace elements (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Mo, Mb, Ni, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sn, Sr, Th, U, V, Y, Zn, Zr) by sequential wavelength X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Samples were prepared as pressed pellets and analysis was done with a total measuring time of thirty minutes per sample. Special attention was given to the selection of the thirty reference materials used for calibration of the spectrometer. Another set of eleven RM (reference materials) was analyzed for the evaluation of accuracy. Detection limits for trace elements (1-2 mg kg^-1) are adequate both for geochemical and environmental purposes, except for Cd and Sb. Accuracy for trace elements falls within the expected interval of certified or recommended values in most cases, but for some major elements, like SiO₂, some results showed discrepancies, evidencing difficulties associated with the determination of light elements in complex matrices. But when quality criteria proposed by mapping programs are applied to the results, their requirements are fulfilled. Both instrumental precision, obtained by twelve sample replicate analyses, and analytical precision, considering also sub-sampling and pellet preparation, lie between the limits of the Horwitz expression, except at concentrations close to the detection limits.